Which load is applied perpendicular to an element but does not pass through its center?

An eccentric load is defined as a load that acts perpendicular to an element but does not apply through its centroid or center of mass. This situation creates a moment in addition to the direct force, influencing the stability and integrity of the structural element. Eccentric loading is significant in structural design since it can lead to bending as well as compression or tension, depending on the type and orientation of the load.

In contrast, axial loads act along the central axis of a structural member, either in tension or compression, while shear loads are forces that act parallel to a surface, creating a sliding effect. Compression loads, similar to axial loads, also work along the central line of a member but focus solely on pushing elements together. Thus, eccentric loading is unique because it introduces complexities due to its off-center application.