Which component transmits a compressive force parallel through its center?

The column is the structural component designed specifically to support vertical loads and transmit compressive forces downward through its center. Its primary function is to carry loads from the beams and floors above and transfer those loads to the foundation below.

Colums are typically vertical members that maintain structural integrity by helping to resist bending moments and lateral forces. This central transmission of force allows columns to effectively manage the significant weight that buildings impose on them.

In contrast, beams generally carry loads that are perpendicular to their length, which creates bending rather than pure compression along their length. Joists are similar, as they provide support for floors but are also oriented in a way to resist bending more than to handle direct compressive loads vertically. Additionally, while walls do support compressive loads, they function more as large slabs or panels that carry both vertical and lateral loads, distributing forces across their area rather than along a central axis. Thus, the column is uniquely suited for the task of transmitting compressive forces directly through its center, making it the correct choice.