What type of load is transmitted through the center of an element and runs perpendicular to it?

The type of load that is transmitted through the center of an element and runs perpendicular to it is referred to as an axial load. An axial load is defined as a force that acts along the axis of a member, either in tension (pulling apart) or compression (pushing together). When this load is applied directly along the centerline of the structural element, it leads to uniform stress distribution and is crucial for the stability of the structure.

In contrast, bending loads cause the element to bend due to forces applied at a distance from its center, which creates a moment rather than a direct axial force along its length. Shear loads, on the other hand, are forces that act parallel to the section of the member, leading to sliding failure rather than tensile or compressive failure. Lastly, torque loads apply a twisting force around the axis of the element, affecting the torsional strength but not acting solely in tension or compression along the length of the member. Thus, the characterization of axial load in this context aligns perfectly with the description provided in the question.