What do dead loads refer to?

Dead loads refer specifically to the weights of all permanent building materials and equipment that are an integral part of a structure. These loads are static and do not change over time, which is why they are termed "dead." Dead loads typically include components such as the weight of walls, floors, roofs, fixed equipment, and any other structural elements that contribute to the overall weight of a building. Understanding dead loads is crucial for structural engineers when designing a building, as they must ensure that the structure can support these permanent weights safely.

In contrast, other types of loads mentioned in the options refer to different factors affecting a structure. For example, loads that vary over time would include live loads, which can change depending on occupancy or use. Loads caused by moving objects are also classified under live loads and can include vehicles or people. Temporary loads during construction pertain to the additional weight or stress that might occur while assembling the building, which is entirely different from the static nature of dead loads. Thus, the emphasis on the permanence and weight of building materials sets dead loads apart from other load types.